Trombosis venosa cerebral y COVID-19: ¿Asesino silencioso durante la pandemia? / Cerebral venous thrombosis and COVID-19: A silent killer during the pandemic?

RESUMEN Trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) es una rara condición clínica caracterizada por una obstrucción de los senos venosos durales o de las venas corticales cerebrales que desencadena hipertensión intracraneal y síntomas tales como cefalea, crisis epilépticas y coma, entre otros. Se ha asociado como complicación neurológica del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2) del Coronavirus 2. Objetivo: Describir los casos reportados de TVC en pacientes con Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed para recabar sólo los reportes de caso en los que los pacientes con COVID-19 desarrollaron TVC. Resultados: Se analizaron reportes de 13 pacientes y se recabó información sobre sexo, edad, comorbilidades, severidad del COVID-19, tipo de TVC, tratamiento recibido, complicaciones y desenlace final. Conclusión: TVC asociada a COVID-19 se puede presentar en pacientes con características variadas, suele tener complicaciones graves y en algunos casos, un desenlace mortal.

SUMMARY Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare clinical condition that consists of an obstruction of the dural venous sinuses or the cerebral cortical veins, triggering intracranial hypertension and symptoms such as headache, seizures and coma among others. CVT has recently been associated as a neurological complication of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective: To describe reported cases of CVT in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID - 19). Material and Methods: A literature search was conducted on PubMed to collect only case reports of patients with COVID-19 who developed CVT. Results: Report of 13 patients were analyzed and information was collected about sex, age, comorbidities, severity of COVID-19, type of CVT, treatments received, complications and the final outcome. Conclusion: CVT associated with COVID-19 can occur in patients with varied characteristics, often with serious complications and in some cases, a fatal outcome.

Mastoiditis aguda con complicación intracraneal. Reporte de un caso pediátrico / Acute mastoiditis with intracranial complication in a pediatric patient

La mastoiditis aguda es una infección de las celdillas mastoideas, generalmente, secundaria a la progresión de una otitis media aguda. Las bacterias aisladas con más frecuencia en las mastoiditis son Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes y Staphylococcus aureus. La infección mastoidea puede extenderse por contigüidad, afectar a estructuras vecinas y dar lugar a complicaciones intra- o extracraneales. Las más frecuentes son las intracraneales, entre las que se incluyen la meningitis, el absceso cerebeloso o del lóbulo temporal, el absceso epi- o subdural y la trombosis de senos venosos.Se presenta el caso de una niña de 4 años que desarrolló dos complicaciones intracraneales (absceso epidural y trombosis de senos venosos transverso y sigmoideo) a partir de una mastoiditis aguda producida por Streptococus pyogenes

Acute mastoiditis is an infection that affects the mastoid air-cell system, usually due to the progression of an acute otitis media. The bacteria most frequently isolated in acute mastoiditis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The mastoid infection can extend affecting contiguous structures and producing intra or extracranial complications. The most frequent ones are intracranial complications, including meningitis, temporal lobe or cerebellar abscess, epidural or subdural abscess and venous sinus thrombosis.We present the case of a 4-year-old girl who developed two intracranial complications (intracranial epidural abscess and transverse and sigmoid sinus thrombosis) initiated in an acute mastoiditis produced by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Papiledema como primera manifestación de trombosis de senos venosos en un paciente pediátrico. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Papilledema as an initial finding in venous sinus thrombosis in a child. Case report and literature review

Introducción: la trombosis de senos venosos (TSV) en niños, sin factores de riesgo es una patología rara pero potencialmente fatal. La cefalea es el síntoma principal y muy pocos pacientes se presentan sin este. El papiledema como hallazgo inicial se presenta sólo en el 9% de los pacientes. Presentamos el caso de una menor de 13 años, sin factores de riesgo para TSV, cuya manifestación inicial fue el papiledema en ausencia de cefalea. Objetivo: describir el caso clínico de una paciente menor de edad sin comorbilidades, factores de riesgo ni cefalea, con papiledema como única manifestación de TSV. Diseño de estudio: reporte de caso. Resumen del caso: menor de 13 años, sin antecedentes, con cuadro clínico de 12 horas de evolución de dolor en ojo derecho de instauración progresiva, tipo punzada, asociado a visión doble y un episodio emético. Al examen físico con agudeza visual (AV) 20/20 en ambos ojos, con papiledema; sin hallazgos positivos al examen neurológico ni en otros sistemas. Conclusión: La TSV en pacientes pediátricos sin factores de riesgo ni cefalea es rara. El papiledema es uno de los hallazgos principales de esta patología y en pocas ocasiones es la manifestación inicial. Es importante conocer los síntomas y signos oft almológicos de la TSV, ya que pueden ser el único hallazgo en esta patología.

Background: venous sinus thrombosis (VST) in children, without risk factors, is a rare but potentially fatal pathology. Headache is the main symptom and only few patients present without it. Papilledema as an initial finding occurs only in 9% of patients. We present the case of a 13 years old girl, without risk factors for VST, with papilledema as initial manifestation in the absence of headache. Objective: to describe a clinical case of with venous sinus thrombosis without comorbidities or risk factors, who had papilledema as first symptom. Study design: case report and literature review. Case summary: 13 years old girl, without medical history, with a clinical picture of 12 hours of right eye progressive pain, prick type, associated with double vision and an emetic episode. Physical examination with visual acuity (VA) 20/20 in both eyes and papilledema; without positive findings in the neurological examination or in other systems. Conclusion: venous sinus thrombosis in pediatric patients without risk factors or headache is rare. Papilledema is one of the main fi ndings of this pathology and in few cases it is the initial manifestation. It is important to know the symptoms and ophthalmological signs of VST because it could be the only finding in this pathology.

Isquemia talámica bilateral secundaria a trombosis venosa cerebral: tratamiento endovascular, presentación de un caso / Bilateral thalamic stroke due to cerebral vein thrombosis: endovascular treatment, case report

RESUMEN La trombosis venosa cerebral (TVC) es una entidad poco frecuente y potencialmente devastadora que se presenta con mayor frecuencia en adultos jóvenes, especialmente en mujeres. La TVC representa el 0,5 % a 1 % de todos los ACV, su amplio espectro clínico la convierte en un desafío diagnóstico, especialmente en aquellos casos de mujeres jóvenes sin factores protrombóticos conocidos que debutan con cefalea como único síntoma. La TVC puede ocasionar isquemia o infartos talámicos y gangliobasales bilaterales con delirio y deterioro del estado de conciencia, en especial cuando hay compromiso del sistema venoso profundo. El diagnóstico se confirma con resonancia magnética cerebral (RM) y venografía por resonancia. La anticoagulación sigue siendo la piedra angular del tratamiento; sin embargo, los pacientes que no responden a terapia médica intensiva pueden beneficiarse de la trombectomía endovascular mecánica (TEM). A continuación presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente de 29 años con una isquemia talámica y gangliobasal bilateral secundaria a trombosis venosa cerebral que fue llevada a trombectomía endovascular mecánica.

SUMMARY Thrombosis of the dural sinus and/or cerebral veins (CVT) is a rare but potentially devastating type of stroke that tends to occur in young adults, especially women. CVT represents about 0.5% of all strokes and can be challenging to diagnose because headache, rather than focal neurologic symptoms, is the prominent feature. However, some patients (especially those with deep cerebral venous occlusion) may present with bilateral thalamic or basal infarction and often will have decreased level of consciousness and rapid neurologic deterioration. The diagnosis of CVT is confirmed with MRI and magnetic resonance venogram (MRV). The mainstay of acute management is anticoagulation. However, some patients do not respond to medical therapy and these might benefit from endovascular mechanical thrombectomy. We present the case of a 29 year old female patient with bilateral thalamic and gangliobasal ischemia secondary to CVT, who was treated with anticoagulation and endovascular mechanical thombectomy.

Catatonia, beyond a psychiatric syndrome / Catatonia, além de uma síndrome psiquiátrica

ABSTRACT Although catatonia is a well-known psychiatric syndrome, there are many possible systemic and neurological etiologies. The aim of this case report was to present a case of a patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and infarction in which catatonia was the clinical manifestation of a possible nonconvulsive status epilepticus. To our knowledge, only one such case has been reported in the literature, which had a simplified diagnostic investigation. It is important to correctly recognize the organic cause underlying catatonia in order to treat the patient as soon as possible thereby improving outcome. Therefore, physicians need to update their knowledge on catatonia, recognizing that it can be part of a psychiatric or neurologic condition.

RESUMO Embora a catatonia seja uma síndrome psiquiátrica bem conhecida, existem várias etiologias possíveis, tanto sistêmicas quanto neurológicas. O objetivo deste relato de caso é apresentar um quadro de trombose venosa central com infarto venoso em que a catatonia foi a manifestação clínica de um possível status não convulsivo. Na concepção dos autores, apenas um caso é encontrado na literatura, porém com uma propedêutica simplificada. É importante o correto reconhecimento das causas orgânicas que podem estar causando a catatonia para que sejam corrigidas assim que possível, melhorando o prognóstico do paciente. Além disso, os médicos precisam atualizar seus conhecimentos sobre a catatonia, uma vez que ela pode ser parte tanto de uma condição psiquiátrica quanto neurológica.

Trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales asociado a síndrome antifosfolípidos en un paciente pediátrico / Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome in a pediatric patient

La trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales es un evento relativamente infrecuente en la población pediátrica. Su origen se ha asociado a múltiples condiciones y factores de riesgo como infecciones locales o sistémicas, malformaciones cardíacas, trauma, deshidratación, enfermedades crónicas y, en especial, a factores genéticos protrombóticos. La localización puede variar dependiendo de la etiología; además, puede cursar con una amplia variabilidad de signos y síntomas dependiendo de la edad del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 5 años, que desde los 2 años de edad presenta episodios de cefalea y ataxia de forma intermitente, con autorresolución. Posterior a un evento presenta crisis tónico-clónica del hemicuerpo derecho, seguida de un estado epiléptico súper refractario. En la neuroimagenes (RNM-angioresonancia) se evidencia trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales asociada a un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en el globus pallidus, el mesencéfalo y los hemisferios cerebelosos. El paciente presenta el anticuerpo anticardiolipina IgM y es positivo para anticoagulante lúpico. Hematología y reumatología pediátrica confirman el diagnóstico de trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales secundario a síndrome antifosfolípidos. El paciente logra mejoría clínica con la implementación de inmunoterapia más anticoagulación.

Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is a relatively rare disorder in the pediatric population, it has been associated with multiple conditions and risk factors such as local or systemic infections, cardiac malformations, trauma, dehydratation, chronic diseases and especially genetic prothrombotic factors. The location may vary depending on the etiology and may occur with a wide variability in symptoms and signs depending on the age of the patient. Case: 5 year-old male patient, with episodes of self-resolving headache and intermittent ataxia starting at 2 years of age. The patient later presents focal motor seizures, followed by a super refractory status epilepticus. The magnetic resonance imaging (brain MRI and magnetic resonance angiography) shows evidence of a partial cerebral venous deep sinus thrombosis associated with ischemic stroke in globus pallidus, midbrain and cerebellar hemispheres. The patient is positive for IgM anticardiolipin antibody and lupus anticoagulant, where pediatric rheumatology and hematology confirmed diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical improvement was achieved by implementing immunotherapy plus anticoagulation.

Trombosis de los senos intracraneales: Reporte de tres casos y revision de la literatura / Intracranial sinuses thrombosis: Report of three cases and literature review

La trombosis venosa intracraneal es un tipo de accidente cerebrovascular poco frecuente cuyo diagnóstico muchas veces ha sido demorado debido a sus diversas causas y presentaciones. Sin embargo, hoy en día su diagnóstico está aumentando debido al mayor empleo de la resonancia magnética nuclear, la angioresonancia y a la mejor comprensión del cuadro clínico. Se presentan los casos de tres mujeres con cefalea y déficit focal de evolución subaguda. Los estudios de neuroimágenes fueron compatibles con trombosis venosa intracraneal. Las pacientes tuvieron diferentes factores de riesgo, fueron tratadas con heparina y presentaron buena respuesta al tratamiento...

Intracranial sinuses thrombosis is an infrequent cerebrovascular accident whose diagnosis is usually delayed due to diverse causes and varying clinical presentations. However, with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging, angioresonance and with better knowledge of the clinical picture its diagnosis has improved nowadays. We present here three women cases with headache and focal deficits of sub-acute onset. Neuroimaging studies were compatible with intracranial sinuses thrombosis. Patients had different risk factors; they were treated with heparin and responded well to treatment...

Application of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and DSA in the diagnosis of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRV ) and digital subtraction arteriography (DSA ) in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Methods Twenty-nine patients with CVST admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital)from January 2008 to February 2014 were enrolled retrospectively. Eleven of them were males and 18 were females. Their course of disease ranged from 3 days to 3 months. Nine patients were in the acute phase (2 weeks). All the patients were underwent magnetic resonance (MR)(T1 or T2 weighted image ),three-dimensional MRV,and DSA examinations. Results DSA detected 29 and MRV detected 24 patients. MRI revealed 12 patients had cerebral infarction and 7 had cerebral infarct and hemorrhage. On T2-weighted sequences,16 patients showed the flow void effect of venous sinus disappeared,and thromboses with different signals in the sinuses. MRV showed part development of the veins in 14 cases and no development in 10 cases,including 4 with collateral circulation. Compared with DSA,the positive detection rate of MRV was 82. 8%. The lesion sites of 3 patients involving the transverse sinus and 2 involving the sagittal sinus were not detected on MRV. Conclusion Compared with DSA,the MRV has a certain percentage of missed diagnosis rate for CVST. In clinical work,if MRV diagnosis is negative,it can not exclude the diagnosis of CVST,and further DSA examination is needed.

Trombosis venosa cerebral, descripción clínica de una serie de casos en adultos de Bogotá-Colombia: a case series from Bogotá / Cerebral venous thrombosis

INTRODUCCIÓN: aunque la trombosis venosa cerebral representa una pequeña proporción de la enfermedad cere-brovascular, su incidencia y prevalencia se han incrementado en los últimos años. Este fenómeno se puede explicar por la mejoría en los métodos diagnósticos no invasivos y por el desarrollo de técnicas especializadas de resonancia magnética. Por las razones anteriores es necesario conocer las características demográficas y el comportamiento clínico de esta entidad en nuestro medio. OBJETIVO: describir las características clínicas y demográficas de pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral y sus complicaciones en una población clínica de un hospital de IV nivel de Bogotá, Colombia y determinar los de factores de riesgo para complicaciones en la fase aguda. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se analizaron historias clínicas de pacientes con trombosis venosa cerebral y se obtuvieron datos sobre aspectos demográficos, condición clínica y complicaciones. RESULTADOS: se encontraron 38 historias clínicas, 29 mujeres, 60,4% de ellas menores de 40 años. La trombofilia fue el factor de riesgo más común, con el síndrome antifosfolípido como causa principal, otras causas importantes fueron el embarazo y el puerperio. CONCLUSIÓN: la trombosis venosa cerebral es una enfermedad frecuente en la práctica clínica que afecta más a mujeres en edad fértil. Aunque no se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa, las mujeres con síndrome antifosfolípido representaron el grupo con mayor riesgo de complicaciones. Se necesitan más estudios a futuro con una muestra de mayor tamaño.

INTRODUCTION: although cerebral venous thrombosis represents a small proportion of cerebrovascular disease, its incidence and prevalence has increased in recent years. This phenomenon can be explained by the improved access to noninvasive diagnostic methods and the development of more specialized techniques in magnetic resonance image (MRI). Also, it is convenient to know demographic and clinical aspects of this entity in our environment. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to describe demographic and clinical features in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and its complications in a cases series from a high complexity hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, and determine the association between risk factors and clinical complications in the acute phase. MATERIALS AND METHODS: clinical records belonging to patients with cerebral venous thrombosis were analyzed in order to obtain data regarding to demographic information, clinical condition and complications. RESULTS: 38 clinical records were analyzed, among which 76.3% were of female patients, 60.5% of which were under 40. Thrombophilia was the most frequent risk factor in which antiphospolipid syndrome represented the most common condition. Other important conditions were pregnancy and post partum period. CONCLUSION: cerebral venous thrombosis is frequent in clinical practice. In this cases series: female gender at childbearing age was the most affected group. Although we did not find statistical correlation, women with anti-phospolipid syndrome represented the group with most chance of complications. Further studies with a larger sample or big population are necessary.

Síndrome de lemierre: reporte de una variante complicada con trombosis de seno cavernoso / Lemierre syndrome: report of a variant complicated with thrombosis of cavernous sinus

El Síndrome de Lemierre, entidad clínica caracterizada por tromboflebitis séptica de la vena yugular interna con embolización secundaria, se debe, en más del 80% de los casos, a Fusobacterium necrophorum; sin embargo, han sido descritos otros microorganismos y hasta en el 12.8% de los pacientes no se logra aislamiento microbiológico. Se describe el caso de un paciente joven con lesiones cutáneas faciales sobreinfectadas, quien desarrolló compromiso parafaríngeo con trombosis de la vena yugular interna izquierda y del seno cavernoso ipsilateral, embolización sépticapulmonar y compromiso pericárdico, en quien no se obtuvo aislamiento microbiológico, pero se demostró resolución completa del cuadro con tratamiento antibiótico.

Lemierre Syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by a septic trombophlebitis of the intern jugular vein with a secondary embolism, etiological agent in more than 80% of cases is Fusobacterium necrophorum, however, other microorganisms hasbeen described and up to 12.8% of the cases have no microbiological isolation.This article describes a case of a young man with infected facial skin lesions, who developed a pharyngeal infection with thrombosis of left internal jugular vein and of the ipsilaterl cavernous sinus, plus septic pulmonary embolism and pericardia compromise, in this patient an isolation of a microbilogical agent was no possible and a complete resolution of the case was reached by antibiotic therapy.

Development of Subdural Hemorrhage in a Patient With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a rare type of cerebrovascular disease with highly variable clinical features. Although intracranial hemorrhage can occur in a patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, the development of subdural hemorrhage has been infrequently reported. Herein we report a 49-year-old woman with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis who developed subdural hemorrhage. We presumed that the elevation of venous or capillary pressure caused by venous sinus thrombosis played an important role in the development of subdural hemorrhage.